Medicinal Use Of Cannabis (Review)

[in vivo]

Prepared by:

Dr. Arno Hazekamp

Department of Plant Metabolomics

Leiden University

Leiden, The Netherlands

 

1. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CANNABIS PLANT

1.1 The Different Forms of Cannabis

1.2 The Botany of Cannabis sativa

1.3 A Short History of Cannabis

1.4 Chemical Constituents of Cannabis

2. CANNABINOIDS

2.1 Cannabinoids Defined

2.2 Biosynthesis of the Cannabinoids

2.2.1 The acidic cannabinoids

2.2.2 Occurence of short-chain cannabinoids and other homologues

2.3 A Phytochemical Classification of Cannabinoids

2.4 Chromatographic Analysis of Cannabinoids

2.4.1 Decarboxylation

2.4.2 Microscopy

2.4.3 Color reactions

2.4.4 Thin-layer chromatography

2.4.5 Gas chromatography

2.4.6 High-performance liquid chromatography

2.4.7 Other techniques

2.4.8 Spectroscopic and chromatographic data

3. SITES AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF CANNABINOIDS

3.1 The Cannabinoid Receptors: CB1 and CB2

3.2 The Endocannabinoid System

3.3 Pharmacokinetics of the Cannabinoids (ADME)

3.4 Structure-Activity Relationships of Cannabinoids

3.5 Administration Forms

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4. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE CANNABINOIDS

4.1 Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

4.2 Cannabidiol (CBD)

4.3 Delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-8-THC)

4.4 Cannabigerol (CBG)

4.5 Cannabinol (CBN)

4.6 Cannabichromene (CBC)

4.7 Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV)

4.8 The Acidic Cannabinoids

5. NON-CANNABINOID CONSTITUENTS OF CANNABIS

5.1 Terpenoids

5.5.1 Biosynthesis and composition of Cannabis essential oils

5.1.2 Biological effects of terpenoids

5.2 Flavonoids

5.2.1 Biosynthesis of flavonoids in cannabis

5.2.2 Biological effects of flavonoids

5.2.3 Therapeutic potential

5.3 Hemp Oil

5.3.1 Production methods

5.3.2 Composition of hemp oil

5.3.3 Therapeutic potential

5.3.4 Cannabinoid contamination of hemp oil products

5.4 Other Components Found in Cannabis

5.4.1 Alkaloids and nitrogenous compounds

5.4.2 Non-cannabinoid phenols

5.4.3 Stilbenoids

5.4.4 Lignanamides and phenolic amides

6. CANNABIS AS A MEDICINE

6.1 Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids

6.2 Current Status of Cannabinoid Medicines

6.3 Approaches for Further Development

6.3.1 Improving the biological availability of cannabinoids

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6.3.2 Selective activation of cannabinoid receptors

6.3.3 Modulating the endocannabinoid system

6.3.4 Interaction with other neurotransmitter pathways

7. PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF CANNABIS RESEARCH

7.1 Legal Aspects

7.2 Availability of Plant Materials and Reference Standards

7.3 Social aspects

8. CONCLUSION

9. REFERENCES

 

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